| 1013 |
|
Ethelred the Unready flees to Normandy before the Danes |
| 1016 |
|
Danish King Canute comes to English throne |
| 1018 |
|
Scotland under Malcolm II annexes Strathclyde and Cumbria |
| 1018 |
|
Bulgars subjected by Byzantine Emperor Basil 11 |
| 1037 |
|
Death of Avicenna (Persian philosopher and physician) |
| 1040 |
|
Macbeth becomes king of Scotland |
| 1042 |
|
Edward the Confessor becomes king of England |
| 1050 |
|
Islamic Berber dynasties established in Sahel |
| 1055 |
|
Seljuk Turks capture Baghdad |
| 1066 |
|
Norman Conquest of England under William I ("the Conqueror") |
| 1071 |
|
Saxon leader Hereward the Wake finally yields to Normans |
| 1075 |
|
Seljuk Turks capture Jerusalem |
| 1077 |
|
Emperor Henry IV forced to yield to Pope Gregory VII |
| 1080 |
|
Death of Lady Godiva (benefactress) |
| 1085 |
|
Kingdom of Castile re-conquers Toledo from Moors |
| 1086 |
|
Domesday Book compiled by William I |
| 1094 |
|
Spanish knight El Cid takes Valencia from Moors |
| 1099 |
|
First Crusade under Godfrey of Bouillon re-takes Jerusalem |
| 1100 |
|
Inca tribes move into Cusco valley, Peru |
| 1100 |
|
Angkor Wat temple built by Khmers in Cambodia |
| 1106 |
|
Henry I of England recaptures Normandy |
| 1109 |
|
Death of St. Anselm (Italian theologian and philosopher) |
| 1118 |
|
Kingdom of Aragon captures Santiago from Moors |
| 1119 |
|
Kiev sacked by Slavs and kingdom split |
| 1119 |
|
Knights Templar Order founded in Britain |
| 1122 |
|
Concordat of Worms established papal right to invest bishops |
| 1123 |
|
Death of Omar Khayyam (Persian poet and mathematician) |
| 1135 |
|
Stephen takes English crown, and Anarchy begins |
| 1141 |
|
Barbarian Chin Dynasty takes over Northern China |
| 1142 |
|
Death of Peter Abelard (theologist and romantic) |
| 1148 |
|
Second Crusade fails to capture Damascus |
| 1152 |
|
Frederick II (Barbarossa) becomes Holy Roman Emperor |
| 1154 |
|
Henry II (of Anjou) becomes first Plantagenet King of England |
| 1154 |
|
Death of Geoffrey of Monmouth (historian) |
| 1169 |
|
Henry II sends Strongbow to subdue Ireland |
| 1169 |
|
Eruption of Mount Etna, Sicily (15,000 killed) |
| 1170 |
|
Thomas à Beckett murdered in Canterbury Cathedral on Henry II's orders |
| 1176 |
|
Barbarossa defeated by Lombards - state of Italy founded |
| 1185 |
|
Start of feudal epoch (Shoguns) of Kamakura period in Japan |
| 1187 |
|
Muslims under Saladin destroy Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem |
| 1189 |
|
Richard I (the Lionheart) becomes King of England |
| 1191 |
|
Zen movement from China becomes popular in Japan |
| 1192 |
|
Third Crusade captures Acre but fails to regain Jerusalem |
| 1198 |
|
Death of Averroes (Arab philosopher) |
| 1199 |
|
John takes English throne while Richard away on Crusades |
| 1200 |
|
Cahokia capital of Mississipian cultures of North America |
| 1205 |
|
English under John driven out of Normandy and France |
| 1204 |
|
Fourth Crusade captures Constantinople - founds Latin Empire |
| 1206 |
|
Turkish Sultanate established in Delhi - power centralized |
| 1206 |
|
Genghis Khan becomes sole leader of Mongols, starts conquests |
| 1212 |
|
Decisive victory of Spaniards over Moors |
| 1212 |
|
Children's Crusade ends in disaster - Pied Piper legend |
| 1215 |
|
Dominican Order of monks founded in Languedoc |
| 1215 |
|
King John forced to sign Magna Carta |
| 1223 |
|
Franciscan Order of monks founded |
| 1226 |
|
"Summer is icumen in": one of first examples of written music |
| 1226 |
|
Mongol forces invade Poland |
| 1230 |
|
Ghanaian Empire replaced by Mali, centred around Timbuktu |
| 1230 |
|
Teutonic Knights established in Prussia |
| 1240 |
|
Batu establishes Mongol "Empire of the Golden Horde" |
| 1241 |
|
Mongols under Genghis Khan invade Russia and Central Europe |
| 1246 |
|
Alexander Nevsky becomes Grand Duke of Vladimir |
| 1249 |
|
First college founded at Oxford (University College) |
| 1256 |
|
Hanseatic League formed around Baltic - trade flourishes |
| 1261 |
|
Constantinople restored to Byzantine rule after 4th Crusade |
| 1265 |
|
Simon de Montford establishes Parliament in England |
| 1266 |
|
Spain and Portugal finally throw off Moorish domination |
| 1272 |
|
Edward I becomes first true "English" King of England |
| 1272 |
|
Last Crusade (Ninth) ends in failure |
| 1273 |
|
Rudolph I first Hapsburg Holy Roman Emperor |
| 1274 |
|
Mongol attacks on Japan repulsed |
| 1274 |
|
Death of Thomas Aquinas (theologian and philosopher) |
| 1279 |
|
Mongol Dynasty in China and Asia at its height under Kublai Khan |
| 1284 |
|
First college founded at Cambridge (Peterhouse) |
| 1285 |
|
France under Philp IV extends French influence |
| 1291 |
|
Acre recaptured by Muslims (end of Christian influence in area) |
| 1291 |
|
"Everlasting League" forms nucleus of Swiss confederation |
| 1294 |
|
Death of Roger Bacon (philosopher and scientist) |
| 1295 |
|
"Model Parliament" established |
| 1295 |
|
Reports of China brought back to west by Venetian Marco Polo |
| 1296 |
|
Edward I makes incursions into Scotland |
| 1308 |
|
Death of Duns Scotus (Scottish scholar and philosopher) |
| 1309 |
|
Papacy moves to Avignon for over a century |
| 1312 |
|
France and Papacy suppress Knights Templar |
| 1312 |
|
Swiss patriot William Tell (legendary) foments revolt against Austrian rulers |
| 1314 |
|
Scots under Robert Bruce defeat English at Bannockburn |
| 1315 |
|
Hapsburgs driven out of Switzerland |
| 1320 |
|
Valdislav I crowned King of Poland - reunites territory |
| 1321 |
|
Death of Alighieri Dante (poet) |
| 1325 |
|
Zenith of Mandingo Empire in Mali |
| 1326 |
|
Ottoman Turk Empire begins under Orkhan |
| 1328 |
|
Valois Dynasty takes over from House of Capet in France |
| 1328 |
|
Treaty of Northampton - full Scottish sovereignty recognized |
| 1333 |
|
Casimir the Great becomes King of Poland |
| 1336 |
|
Ashikaga period in Japan - feudal lords and Samurai warriors |
| 1337 |
|
Death of Giotto di Bondone (artist) |
| 1337 |
|
Beginning of Hundred Years' War between England and France |
| 1340 |
|
Songhai Empire replaces Mali rule |
| 1348 |
|
Black Death plague reaches Britain |
| 1349 |
|
Death of William of Occam (philosopher) |
| 1355 |
|
Ottoman Suleiman takes Gallipoli - advances into Europe |
| 1358 |
|
"The Jaquerie" - French peasant revolt |
| 1363 |
|
Mongols re-united under Tamerlaine |
| 1363 |
|
Mongol leader Tamerlaine starts conquest of Russia |
| 1368 |
|
Ming Dynasty replaces Mongol rule after native rebellion |
| 1378 |
|
Death of Francisco Petrarch (poet and scholar) |
| 1380 |
|
Venice victorious over Genoa at Battle of Chioggia |
| 1380 |
|
Muskovite Russians defeat Mongols |
| 1381 |
|
Wat Tyler's Peasant Revolt in England crushed |
| 1384 |
|
John Wycliff killed for his Lollard heresies |
| 1385 |
|
Portugal achieves independence from Spain |
| 1386 |
|
Jagellons Dynasty starts 190 year rule in Poland |
| 1386 |
|
Swiss confederation achieves independence from Hapsburgs |
| 1389 |
|
Ottoman Turks defeat Christian forces at Kossovo |
| 1397 |
|
Denmark, Norway and Sweden unite under Danish Queen Margaret |
| 1398 |
|
Mongols under Tamerlaine invade Northern Indiaand sack Delhi |
| 1398 |
|
Dick Whittington becomes Mayor of London |
| 1399 |
|
Henry IV deposes Richard II - Lancastrian rule in England |
| 1400 |
|
Owen Glendower revolts in Wales |
| 1400 |
|
Death of Geoffrey Chaucer (writer) |
| 1400 |
|
Muslim-influenced Malacca state dominant in South-East Asia |
| 1402 |
|
Tamerlaine overthrows Turks in Asia Minor |
| 1410 |
|
Poles and Lithuanians under Vladislav II defeat Teutonic Knights |
| 1415 |
|
Jan Hus, Bohemian religious reformer, martyred |
| 1415 |
|
Battle of Agincourt - Henry V of England victorious in France |
| 1417 |
|
First Hohenzollern Margrave of Brandenburg (Prussia) |
| 1420 |
|
Filippo Brunelleschi credited with invention of linear perspective in art |
| 1431 |
|
Joan of Arc burnt at stake after military campaigns against England |
| 1433 |
|
Portuguese Henry the Navigator makes his first explorations |
| 1433 |
|
Chinese explorer Cheng Ho reaches East African coast |
| 1434 |
|
Cosimo di Medici begins Medici rule in Florence |
| 1435 |
|
Donatello makes bronze sculpture "David" |
| 1436 |
|
Filippo Brunelleschi designs Duomo of Florence |
| 1438 |
|
Albert II first hereditary Hapsburg Holy Roman Empire |
| 1443 |
|
Turkish advance westwards set back by European federation in Hungary |
| 1447 |
|
Poland and Lithuania unite |
| 1450 |
|
Popular discontent erupts in Jack Cade's Rebellion |
| 1453 |
|
English finally defeated in France at Castillon - end of Hundred Years' War |
| 1453 |
|
Constantinople taken by Turks - end of Byzantine Empire |
| 1455 |
|
Death of Fra Angelico (artist) |
| 1455 |
|
Wars of the Roses begin between Houses of Lancaster and York |
| 1456 |
|
Johann Gutenberg sets up printing press - Mazarin Bible |
| 1461 |
|
Louis XI becomes king of France |
| 1462 |
|
Muskovite Ivan III first to adopt title of Tsar |
| 1469 |
|
Lorenzo di Medici (the Magnificent) rules in Florence |
| 1470 |
|
Centralized Incan empire stretches from Ecuador to Argentina |
| 1470 |
|
"Kingmaker" Warwick turns Lancastrian and deposes Edward IV |
| 1471 |
|
Ivan III takes Novgorod and extends influence |
| 1476 |
|
William Caxton sets up first printing press in London |
| 1476 |
|
Vlad the Impaler (Dracula) of Wallachia killed by Turkish forces |
| 1477 |
|
Charles the Bold defeated at Nancy - end of Rise of Burgundy |
| 1477 |
|
Netherlands, Luxembourg and Burgundy brought under German (Hapsburg) control |
| 1479 |
|
Aragon and Castile united by marriage of Ferdinand and Isabela |
| 1481 |
|
Final defeat of Mongol forces by Russians |
| 1481 |
|
Spanish Inquisition begins in Castile |
| 1483 |
|
Portuguese travellers discover Congo River |
| 1485 |
|
Tudor Henry VII made King of England after Battle of Bosworth Field |
| 1488 |
|
Portuguese Bartholomeu Dias first to round Cape of Good Hope |
| 1490 |
|
Aztec Empire covers much of Mesoamerica by this time |
| 1492 |
|
Genoese Christoher Columbus "discovers" West Indies for Spain |
| 1492 |
|
Granada last Spanish city to be re-captured from Moors |
| 1493 |
|
Songhai Empire reaches height of power under Sonni Ali |
| 1494 |
|
Italy invaded by French under Charles VIII |
| 1496 |
|
Spanish crown marries into Austrian House of Hapsburg |
| 1497 |
|
John Cabot lands in Canada - later claimed for England |
| 1498 |
|
Death of Girolamo Savonarola (preacher and reformer) |
| 1498 |
|
Columbus briefly lands on South American mainland |
| 1498 |
|
Portuguese Vasco de Gama reaches India by sea |
| 1499 |
|
Perkin Warbeck hanged by Henry VII for claiming throne |
| 1500 |
|
Pedro Cabral claims Brazil for Portugal |
| 1500 |
|
High Renaissance in art centred in Italy |
